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Abu Bakr Siddiq died 632 AD; a close companion of the Prophet; also the first Muslim Caliph. Abu Lahab Paternal uncle of Prophet Muhammad. Adam First man and first prophet. Aisha (612–678); daughter of Abu Bakr, wife of Prophet Muhammad; one of the most intellectual and influential women in Islamic history. Ali bin Abi Talib died 661; cousin and son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad; the 4th Muslim Caliph. Al Maidah Name of the 5th chapter of the Quran meaning of the word Maidah — the table spread. Amirul Mumineen Leader of the Believers. Dar ul Islam land or state under Islamic governance. Dar us Salaam Home of Peace'; referred to as Paradise. fuqaha Islamic jurists. Habil the second son of Adam; was murdered by his elder brother Qabil (Cain). Hadith sayings and deeds of the Prophet of Islam. Haj Pilgrimage Harun also known as Aaron, brother of Prophet Moses. Hukumat-e-Ilahiya Divine Government. Islami Nizam Islamic System. Jinn a living creation of God made from fire; Jinns have free-will just like mankind. Kabah the sacred house of God built originally by prophets Abraham and Ismael in Makkah (present day Mecca). Khilafat-e-Rashida also Rashidun Caliphate or 'Rightly Guided' caliphs (632–661 AD) is the collective term comprising the first four caliphs in Islamic history (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali); founded after Prophet Muhammad's death in 632. Madinah Medina; also called Yathrib during the time of Prophet Muhammad. Makkah Mecca Nifaz-e-Shariah Enforcement of the Shariah. Orientalist scholar of Oriental studies; of near and far Eastern (Asian and Middle Eastern) societies and history. Qabil also Cain; the first born son of Adam. Qayamat Doomsday Quraysh the dominant tribe of Makkah during the time when Prophet Mohammad was born; genealogical ancestry traced to prophets Abraham and Ismael. Ramazan Ninth month of the Lunar calendar; month of fasting. Salah also Salat; the Islamic prayer. sawm Fasting Shariah moral code and religious law of Islam. Surah chapter of the Quran. Ulema also ulama; religious scholars. Umar also Umar Faruq or Omar bin al Khattab, died 644 AD; a close companion of the Prophet; the 2nd Muslim Caliph. Umar bin Abdul Aziz died 720 AD; Umayyad Caliph; great grandson of Umar ibn Al Khattab. Umrah minor pilgrimage to the Kabah (house of God). Uthman also Usman or Uthman ibn Affan; died 656 AD; a close companion of prophet Muhammad; also the 3rd Muslim Caliph. Glossary