I The Method of Argument

many offspring, the latter, far from being uniform, are quite different from one another. This difference further develops in the next generations and goes on developing from generation to generation according to natural selection. After lakhs of generations this difference increases to the extent that a smallnecked sheep becomes a long-necked giraffe. This concept is considered so important that Haldane and Huxley, the editors of Animal Biology, have coined the term, ‘Selection of Mutation’, for evolutionary changes. It is this fourth criterion, which is cited to ‘prove’ the concept of evolution. That is, the supposition, or its effects, need not have come within our direct experience, but such observations have been made as help us to make a logical inference of the truth of the supposition, or, in other words, to verify the truth of the hypothesis. The advocates of the theory of evolution have not yet, however, carried out any observations of or experiments on the material bases of this theory. For instance, they cannot show in a laboratory how inanimate matter can give birth to life. The only basis they have for their claim is that the physical record shows that inanimate matter existed before life came into the universe. From this they infer that life came out of inanimate matter, just as a baby emerges from its mother’s womb. Similarly, the change of one species into another has not been experienced or observed. Experiments cannot be set up in a zoo to show how the mutation of a goat into a giraffe takes place. The inference that the species did not come into existence separately has been made purely on the basis of similarities between species and the differences that exist between siblings. The belief, too, that intelligence has developed out of instinct, implies that man has also evolved from animals. But in actual fact, instinct has never been seen to develop into intelligence. This is also purely an inference based on geological research, which demonstrates that fossils of animals endowed with instincts are found in the lower strata, while those endowed with intelligence are to be found in the upper strata.